Objective To investigate the breeding status and diversity of acaroid mites in the ground dust flour in some areas of Xuzhou, Jiangsu province, China. Methods Ground dust flour was collected from steamed bun shops, pancake shops, and baked wheat cake shops in a food market in Xuzhou; acaroid mites were isolated from the samples via direct microscopy method and were made into slide specimens for mite species identification and statistical analysis. Results A total of 58 647 acaroid mites were detected from 460 grams of ground dust flour, which belonged to 9 species of 8 genera of 4 families. The dominant species was Tyrophagus putrescentiae. The mean breeding densities of acaroid mites in the ground dust flour of the steamed bun shops, pancake shops, and baked wheat cake shops were 151.70, 116.28, and 71.28 mites/g, respectively, and the mean breeding density was 127.49 mites/g. The species richness, species diversity, and species evenness were highest in the pancake shops, followed by the baked wheat cake shops and steamed bun shops; the species dominance was highest in the baked wheat cake shops, followed by the steamed bun shops and pancake shops; the species similarity of acaroid mites was relatively high between the two of the three sites. Conclusion The ground dust flour in Xuzhou is heavily infested with acaroid mites, which should be given enough attention. Meanwhile, prevention and control measures should be strengthened to reduce mite-induced risks to humans.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and epidemic situation of plague in Qinghai province by using geographic information system (GIS) data platform to provide the basis for the formulation of prevention and control measures. Methods Using the spatial analysis function of plague prevention and control geographic information system in Qinghai province, the distribution, incidence and geographical factors of plague foci and the epidemiology of animal plague or human plague in 1954-2017 were analyzed and classified according to time and space. Results There are 2 kinds of plague ( Himalaya marmot plague and Microtus fuscus plague) natural foci in Qinghai province since 1954, animal plague epidemic has been occurring year after year, the epidemic has never been interrupted. Over the past 60 years, human plague did not occurred in 14 years, human plague cases were reported in the remaining years. In total, 198 outbreaks of human plague, 468 cases of disease, 240 cases of death, and fatality rate 51.28% were recorded. There are 30 counties in Qinghai province where there is an epidemic of animal plague. The plague epidemic mainly distributes in 12 counties of 5 states, they are Xinghai and Tongde counties of Hainan state, Qilian county of Haibei state,Wulan, Tianjun, Delingha and Geermu of Haixi state, Yushu, Chenduo, Zhiduo, Nangqian, Qumalai county of Yushu state and Guoluo state. The plague epidemic time is the May-October, the peak period of isolation of Yersinia pestis strain is from July to September. Conclusion During the past 60 years, the epidemic of animal plague and human plague in Qinghai province decreased slowly from 1950 s to the end of the 1990 s, followed by a resurging trend since 2000.

Objective To observe the blood-feeding and oviposition behaviors of Culex pipiens pallens associated with the reproductive characteristics and to evaluate the vectorial capacity. Methods Observing the adult male and female ratio of different eclosion time, studying the relation between post-mating and blood-feeding of Cx. pipiens pallens and the influence of different oviposition substrate on the mosquito's egg laying behavior. Results The mosquitoes emerged on the first day were almost all males. There were two blood-feeding peaks for females post-eclosion. The blood feeding frequency of non-mated females was higher than the mated females. The feeding frequency of delayed mated females declined. The black color and the water that raised the larvae can attract the gravid females to oviposit. Conclusion The methods to interrupt mating are not suitable for controlling the Cx. pipiens pallens. The black color and the nutritious water could be used to the mosquito's traps.

The flea collections from Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture were identified and their geographical distribution was mapped. In total, 88 species (subspecies), belonging to 6 families and 29 genera were recorded, among which 44, 45, 50, 18 and 19 species (subspecies) were collected from the counties of Gonghe, Xinghai, Guinan, Guide and Tongde, respectively. The findings from the current paper are helpful to understand the flea fauna and management of flea- borne diseases in Hainan prefecture, Qinghai province.

Objective Through the comparison and analysis of efficacy between streptomycin administered alone or in combination with ciprofloxacin to treat human plague cases in Qinghai province, to seek new solution for bubonic plague cases. Methods Plague cases were retrospectively analyzed by gathering case data such as age, disease type, the amount of streptomycin, streptomycin treatment time as targets,compared and analyzed the efficacy between streptomycin alone or jointly used treatment for the past human plague cases. SPSS 10.0 was used to do the related statistics analysis. Results Individual and joint application of streptomycin for bubonic plague in terms of amount of streptomycin and treatment time had statistically significant difference. As to the pneumonic plague however, there was significant difference. Conclusion Streptomycin in combination with ciprofloxacin could reduce the amount of streptomycin and treatment time for the bubonic plague, but the treatment's effect on pneumonic plague was not obvious.

Objective To research the distribution characteristics of Qinghai plague foci and the epidemic trend of human plague. Methods Applied geographic information system of Qinghai plague prevention and control to create the database and spatial mapping for 33 counties, where the plague natural foci were in Qinghai. Results The system query retrieval and mapping function showed the distribution of Qinghai plague natural foci, which was mainly concentrated in Huangnan state, Guoluo state, Yushu state, Haixi state, Haibei state, Hainan state and Xining city and 33 counties in Haidong region. Conclusion The geographic information system of Qinghai province plague prevention and control intuitively showed the distribution characters of plague foci and human plague in Qinghai province, so as to provide technical assistance for formulating the plague prevention and control strategy.

Objective To investigate pathological changes in the major solid viscera of guinea pigs infected with the plague bacillus Yersinia pestis. Methods Adult guinea pigs were infected with a virulent Y. pestis strain (25 cfu/ml) through the groin subcutaneously. After infection, tissue specimens were immediately taken from dead animals, and the surviving ones were executed 14 d later. Specimens of solid viscera, including the liver, spleen, lung, kidney, and heart, were used for isolation of Y. pestis, and section specimens were prepared to observe associated pathological changes. Results Yersinia pestis was isolated from the liver, spleen, lung, kidney, and heart of the experimental animals after infection. Tissue autopsy revealed significant pathological changes in all solid viscera, and microscopic examination showed obvious pathological changes in the major organs other than the heart. There were acute inflammatory changes such as inflammatory cell increase, hyperemia, hemorrhage, and partial necrosis. Conclusion Virulent Y. pestis can cause acute inflammation in guinea pigs and result in significant pathological changes in solid viscera of the animals, including the liver, spleen, lung, kidney, and heart.

Objective To analyze the epidemic characteristics and current status of plague in Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai province, China, and to provide a scientific basis for plague prevention and control in the future. Methods As a national monitoring station, the plague surveillance was carried out in Hainan prefecture according to the “National Plague Surveillance Programs”. The plague surveillance reports and human plague epidemic reports in Hainan prefecture from 2007 to 2012 were collected and analyzed using the descriptive epidemiological methods. Results Three positive canine serum samples were found in 2007 and 2009, four positive marmot serum samples and one positive corsac fox serum sample were found in 2010, and the serologic titers were as high as 1:20 480. These findings revealed the continued emergence of animal plague in Hainan prefecture. There was an outbreak of human pneumonic plague in 2009 since the first plague reported 60 years ago in Xinghai county, Hainan prefecture, which indicated a high risk of plague transmission from animals to humans in this region. Conclusion The animal plague epidemic is still active in Hainan prefecture, and the plague prevention and control face a great challenge in this area.

Objective To analyze the epidemic characteristics and current status of plague in Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai province, China, and to provide a scientific basis for plague prevention and control in the future. Methods As a national monitoring station, the plague surveillance was carried out in Hainan prefecture according to the “National Plague Surveillance Programs”. The plague surveillance reports and human plague epidemic reports in Hainan prefecture from 2007 to 2012 were collected and analyzed using the descriptive epidemiological methods. Results Three positive canine serum samples were found in 2007 and 2009, four positive marmot serum samples and one positive corsac fox serum sample were found in 2010, and the serologic titers were as high as 1∶20 480. These findings revealed the continued emergence of animal plague in Hainan prefecture. There was an outbreak of human pneumonic plague in 2009 since the first plague reported 60 years ago in Xinghai county, Hainan prefecture, which indicated a high risk of plague transmission from animals to humans in this region. Conclusion The animal plague epidemic is still active in Hainan prefecture, and the plague prevention and control face a great challenge in this area.

Objective To detect pesticin (Pst) antibody in the sera of plague host animals and to investigate the feasibility of using Pst as the diagnostic reagent in plague antibody detection. Methods A total of 351 serum samples of plague host animals from different sources were subjected to indirect enzyme?linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of recombinant Pst antibody and F1 antibody. Results Pst antibody was found in the serum samples of plague host animals, and the serum level of Pst antibody increased significantly as the serum level of F1 antibody rose. The ELISA absorbance value was 0.438 in plague patients 20 months later, and the Pst antibody in serum remained at a detectable level. Conclusion Pst antibody detection can be used along with F1 antibody detection, so as to make plague antibody detection more reliable.

Yersinia pestis bacteriophage, a strongly specific bacterial virus, is commonly used for identification of the plague pathogen. Early research on this bacteriophage has focused mainly on the natural isolation, biological characteristics, and diagnostic or therapeutic applications. In recent years, advances in microbial genomics and proteomics have shed light on the role of this bacteriophage in the evolution of Y. pestis. This paper summarizes recent progress in Y. pestis bacteriophage research regarding genome structure and related pathogenicity and immunology, for the development of new molecular-based diagnostic modalities and medicines.

【Abstract】 Objective  To investigate molecular epidemiological characteristics of Hantavirus(HV) isolated from Shandong province. Methods A total of 48 lung tissues positive to HV antigens detected by immunofluorescence technique were amplified by RT?PCR with HV specific primers and the products were sequenced. The PCR products were analyzed in homology and phylogenetics with the known HV. Results Partial SEO S and M fragments were amplified from 15 HV antigen?positive Rattus norvegicus, and 10 strains of HV isolated were SEO. The nucleotide sequence homology of S segments was more than 96.3%, and the deduced amino acid sequence (exclude JN5?153S and DY1S) homology was more than 96.8%. The homology of M segments among those 10 strains of hantanviruses and ZB8 isolated in Shandong province was more than 97.5%, and the deduced amino acid sequence homologies were 98.6%-100%. Conclusion The HV isolated in Shandong province are mainly SEO?3 subtype. The nucleotide homology of SEO type of HV in the same or nearby area is higher and the viruses are highly conserved.

Objective To observe the efficacy of 2.5% betacyfluthrin SC against the insect pests of public health importance in lab.Methods It was conducted with the forcing-contact method according to the national test standard for insecticide registration GB139.17.1-92.Results The efficacy tests of 2.5% betacyfluthrin SC were made against Culex pipiens pallens,Musca domestica vicina and Blattella germanica in labortory.On the glass surface of all the three,the application quantity was the least,the efficacy was the best,the long-lasting efficacy was over 90 days for the three insects.Conclusion The efficacy of 2.5% betacyfluthrin SC belonged to class A according to the national standard for insecticide registration.

Objective:To observe the efficacy of Allbest Wp4.5 agamst mosquito,housefly and cockroach in lab.Methods:Force contacting method of GB.Results:The efficacy tests of Allbest Wp 4.5 were made against three public health insects in laboratory.On the glass surface of all the three,the application quantity was the least,the efficacy was the best,the long -lasting efficacy was 90 days for the three insects.Among the three kinds of insects,the best efficacy was obtained against the housefly.Conclusions:Allbest Wp4.5 has satisfactory efficacy against the public health important insects.

It was observed that the resistance of Culex pipiens pallens larva in Shanghai against three usual insecticides in 1997. The results are as following: the resistance of Culex pipiens pallens larva to DDVP was higher than those of Permethrin and Deltamethrin. The resistant groups of Culex pipiens pallens against DDVP have increased,so we should not use DDVP in the coming days.

The aim of the trials was to demonstrate the efficacy of Ficam 80% bendiocarb WP against mosquitoes in lab and in the field. It was carried out during July to October, 1996, in Beijing, with the 0.3% a.i. solution. By the GB13917. 1-92 test method in lab,the KT ₅₀ against Culex pipiens pallens was 3.96(3.24～4.65) minutes, the mortality in 24 hours was 100%.With residual spraying in the field , the mortalities in 1,15,30,45,60,90 days after treatment were 100%,100%, 97.05%, 94.12%, 97.05% and 91.18% respectively. The results suggested that Ficam 80% bendiocarb WP have excellent quick and residual efficacy against mosquitoes .It should be an ideal substitute insecticide against adult mosquitoes in China, according to the insecticide resistance situation of mosquitoes.

The CONTROL Cockroach-Killer was diluted with 9 times water, then, was used in the tests below.The test methods were all from the Guo-Biao. The tested cockroach was Blattella ger manica. The direct spray KT ₅₀ was 2.34mins, the mortality in 24hrs was100 percent. The residual effi cacy was tested on glass surfaces.At the doses of 25ml/m ², 50ml/m ², the KT ₅₀ in 16 weeks were 7. 92 mins,5.27 mins,the mortalities in 72 hrs were 91.7 percent,98.3 percent. In mock test at the doses of 1ml/m ³,2ml/m ³, the KT ₅₀ were 12.18 mins and 9.20 mins,the mortalities in 72hrs were 98.9 percent and 100 percent. In field test at the dose of 25ml/m ², the mortalities were 95.7 percent and 96.7 per cent.The LD ₅₀( acute oral toxicities) was 10556mg/kg against wistar rats. The LC ₅₀ was over 11000mg/m ³.2hrs.The LD ₅₀(♀),LD ₅₀(♂) were over 975.6mg/kg and over 630.9mg/kg against rabits.There were no significant reactions to eyes and noses.

The efficacy test results of Solfac EW050 were first reported in China.The valid standard was the mortality≥70 percent,and the valid time with different applied quantities on different surfaces was as follows.On glass surface,10 mga.i/m ²,valid for 270 days against the mosquito,nearly 270 days against the fly and the cockroach;20mg a.i./m ²,all over 270 days against the above insects.On three-plywood surface,20mga.i./m ²,over 30 days against the mosquito and the fly;30mga.i./m ²,over 45 days against the mosquito,60 days against the fly.On cement surface,40mga.i./m ²,over 30 days against the mosquito and the cockroach;60mga.i./m ²,over 60 days against the mosquito and the fly,over 30 days against the cockroach.Of the three kinds of surfaces,the glass required the least applied quantities and gave the best results.The fly and the mosquito were more sensitive than the cockroach.

In no-choice efficacy test of the three cockroach baits to Blattella germanica,the KT ₅₀ with CONTROL,YISAOGUANG and MAXFORCE are 2.1882h.1.4551h,69.7318h.respectivply.the LT ₅₀ are 20.5056h.14.3512h,83.5420h the mortalities in 72h are 100%,100%,32.2% respectively.In simulated field test,the KT50 with CONTROL and YISAQGUANG are 4.2717h,6.7253h,the LT50 are 20.6253h,20.8497h,the mortalities are 97.4%,96.6%, In palatability test,CONTROL is the best,YISAOGUANG the second MAXFORCE the third.The price of CONTROL is 62 percent of that of YISAOGUANG.The other results were reported and the efficacy test methods for cockroach baits were discussed.

The early 4th instar larvae of Culex pipiens pallens were treated with BS C _3-41 solution at a concentration of 0.01ppm in the laboratory. The life table characteristics of the F ₁ generation of the mosquito were studied. In comparison with the untreat control group, the net reproduction rate of the treated mosquitoes reduced by 19.23%, while the average duration of the life cycles increased by 4 day; on the other hand, F ₁ generation showed an effect of subsifing in the hatch rate. Jt is thus speculated that population of the F2 generation would be diminished due to the effects of BS C _3-41 on the previous generation.

Resistance to Bacillus sphaericus has been presumed to be unlikely to occur. In this study it was found that Culex pipieas pallens, a suseeptible laboratory strain, can develop resistance to the insecticide through after 18 generation of LC ₅₀ selection pressure. The highest degree of developed resistance, based on the ratio of LC ₅₀ values of selected and unselected strain, was about 11.9-fold.

The determinations of toxicity of Fendona against larvaes and adults of three kinds of Mosquitoes showed that Fendona can kill effectively the larvaes and adults of mosquitoes. For the larvaes, the Culex tritaeniorhychus was the most sensitive to Fendona (LC ₅₀ 1.63×10 ^-2ppm) and the Aedes albopictus was the last one(LC ₅₀ 1.75×10ppm). As to the adult, the most sensitive was Aedes albopictus(KD ₅₀ 0.01996g/m ²)and the most insensitive was Culex pipiens pallens(KD ₅₀ 0.0616g/m ²) , there was no significant difference between Culex trilaeniorhychus (KD ₅₀ 0.02458g/m ²) and Aedes pipiens pallens.

The monitoring results indicated that: C.piplens pallens, C.tritaeniorhynchus, An Sinensis distributed widely in many provinces. The relatively larger proportion of C. pipiens pallens was caught in dwelling room and C.tritaeniorhyncrus in stable. The peak periods of population density lasted from june to september both in dwelling and stable. The popoulation densityvaried significantly among different areas. It revealed that the population density was related with the latitudes. climate hygiene condition and management of mosquito control.

The results showed that: All of six repellents had a good repelleney(96.4-100%)against Aedes albopictus, 002,001 remeaned higher repellency within 10 hr., 002 still had higher repellency(85.7%)within 12 hr., but the Ole Time provided 96.4% protection from Aedes albopictus for 14 hr.. The sequences of repellency were Ole Time>002>Wenpashi>001>shule>Bayer.The suitable observing time was appropriate 8 min.

The governments both of Guangdong and Shandong province strengthened the leadership to the mosquito control programme and established the responsible for organization. From the overall view of mosquito, environment and socroeconomic conditions, comprehensive planning was made and integrated control measures for mosquitoes were employed with environmental management as main measure while chemical and biological control as sub idiary measures. The mosquito density was reduced to a very low level. Meantime, the comprehensive and systemical programme for large scale integrated control of mosquitoes in towns has been proposed.

The spray, JL87-1, has a strong contact insecticidal action and highly repellant activity, and thus has an excellent protection for human. Laboratory experiments showed that this spray gave the protection rate of 96.3-98%, for the subjects 45 days after it was sprayed to the plain white cloth and 95.7-98% protection rate of subjects was obtained 6 days after it was sprayed to nylon socks. In field, thie plain whte cloth and stretch socks gave 100%, protection for subjects in 10 days after sprayed with JL87-1. Human baited net traps treated with the spray repelled 98.6-100% of mosquitoes in 10 days thereafter. The spray in heat stable. Ⅰ It has no irritating action to eyes and skin and the rats remained normal when given the spray at the dosage of 40000mg/ kg.